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Q1. Statistics from cert.org and other leading security organizations has clearly showed a steady rise in the number of hacking incidents perpetrated against companies.
What do you think is the main reason behind the significant increase in hacking attempts over the past years?
A. It is getting more challenging and harder to hack for non technical people.
B. There is a phenomenal increase in processing power.
C. New TCP/IP stack features are constantly being added.
D. The ease with which hacker tools are available on the Internet.
Answer: D
Explanation: Today you don’t need to be a good hacker in order to break in to various systems, all you need is the knowledge to use search engines on the internet.
Q2. Which programming language is NOT vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks?
A. Java
B. ActiveX
C. C++
D. Assembly Language
Answer: A
Explanation: Perl and Java has boundary checking, hence buffer overflows don't occur. On the other hand, Perl and Java don't offer access to the system that is as deep as some programs need.
Topic 21, Cryptography
Q3. Exhibit
(Note: the student is being tested on concepts learnt during passive OS fingerprinting, basic TCP/IP connection concepts and the ability to read packet signatures from a sniff dump.)
Snort has been used to capture packets on the network. On studying the packets, the penetration tester finds it to be abnormal. If you were the penetration tester, why would you find this abnormal?
What is odd about this attack? Choose the best answer.
A. This is not a spoofed packet as the IP stack has increasing numbers for the three flags.
B. This is back orifice activity as the scan comes form port 31337.
C. The attacker wants to avoid creating a sub-carries connection that is not normally valid.
D. These packets were crafted by a tool, they were not created by a standard IP stack.
Answer: B
Explanation: Port 31337 is normally used by Back Orifice. Note that 31337 is hackers spelling of ‘elite’, meaning ‘elite hackers’.
Q4. Charlie is the network administrator for his company. Charlie just received a new Cisco router and wants to test its capabilities out and to see if it might be susceptible to a DoS attack resulting in its locking up. The IP address of the Cisco switch is 172.16.0.45. What command can Charlie use to attempt this task?
A. Charlie can use the command: ping -l 56550 172.16.0.45 -t.
B. Charlie can try using the command: ping 56550 172.16.0.45.
C. By using the command ping 172.16.0.45 Charlie would be able to lockup the router
D. He could use the command: ping -4 56550 172.16.0.45.
Answer: A
Q5. What type of attack changes its signature and/or payload to avoid detection by antivirus programs?
A. Polymorphic
B. Rootkit C. Boot sector
D. File infecting
Answer: A
Explanation: In computer terminology, polymorphic code is code that mutates while keeping the original algorithm intact. This technique is sometimes used by computer viruses, shellcodes and computer worms to hide their presence.
Q6. June, a security analyst, understands that a polymorphic virus has the ability to mutate and can change its known viral signature and hide from signature-based antivirus programs. Can June use an antivirus program in this case and would it be effective against a polymorphic virus?
A. No. June can't use an antivirus program since it compares the size of executable files to the database of known viral signatures and it is effective on a polymorphic virus
B. Yes. June can use an antivirus program since it compares the parity bit of executable files to the database of known check sum counts and it is effective on a polymorphic virus
C. Yes. June can use an antivirus program since it compares the signatures of executable files to the database of known viral signatures and it is very effective against a polymorphic virus
D. No. June can't use an antivirus program since it compares the signatures of executable files to the database of known viral signatures and in the case the polymorphic viruses cannot be detected by a signature-based anti-virus program
Answer: D
Explanation: Although there are functions like heuristic scanning and sandbox technology, the Antivirus program is still mainly depending of signature databases and can only find already known viruses.
Q7. Access control is often implemented through the use of MAC address filtering on wireless Access Points. Why is this considered to be a very limited security measure?
A. Vendors MAC address assignment is published on the Internet.
B. The MAC address is not a real random number.
C. The MAC address is broadcasted and can be captured by a sniffer.
D. The MAC address is used properly only on Macintosh computers.
Answer: C
Q8. Bob has a good understanding of cryptography, having worked with it for many years. Cryptography is used to secure data from specific threat, but it does not secure the application from coding errors. It can provide data privacy, integrity and enable strong authentication but it cannot mitigate programming errors.
What is a good example of a programming error that Bob can use to illustrate to the management that encryption will not address all of their security concerns?
A. Bob can explain that a random generator can be used to derive cryptographic keys but it uses a weak seed value and it is a form of programming error.
B. Bob can explain that by using passwords to derive cryptographic keys it is a form of a programming error.
C. Bob can explain that a buffer overflow is an example of programming error and it is a common mistake associated with poor programming technique.
D. Bob can explain that by using a weak key management technique it is a form of programming error.
Answer: C
Explanation: A buffer overflow occurs when you write a set of values (usually a string of characters) into a fixed length buffer and write at least one value outside that buffer's boundaries (usually past its end). A buffer overflow can occur when reading input from the user into a buffer, but it can also occur during other kinds of processing in a program. Technically, a buffer overflow is a problem with the program's internal implementation.
Q9. Which of the following is a patch management utility that scans one or more computers on your network and alerts you if you important Microsoft Security patches are missing. It then provides links that enable those missing patches to be downloaded and installed.
A. MBSA
B. BSSA
C. ASNB
D. PMUS
Answer: A
Explanation: The Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) is a tool put out by Microsoft to help analyze security problems in Microsoft Windows. It does this by scanning the system for security problems in Windows, Windows components such as the IIS web server application, Microsoft SQL Server, and Microsoft Office. One example of an issue might be that permissions for one of the directories in the wwwroot folder of IIS could be set at too low a level, allowing unwanted modification of files from outsiders.
Q10. As a securing consultant, what are some of the things you would recommend to a company to ensure DNS security?
Select the best answers.
A. Use the same machines for DNS and other applications
B. Harden DNS servers
C. Use split-horizon operation for DNS servers
D. Restrict Zone transfers
E. Have subnet diversity between DNS servers
Answer: BCDE
Explanations:
A is not a correct answer as it is never recommended to use a DNS server for any other application. Hardening of the DNS servers makes them less vulnerable to attack. It is recommended to split internal and external DNS servers (called split-horizon operation). Zone transfers should only be accepted from authorized DNS servers. By having DNS servers on different subnets, you may prevent both from going down, even if one of your networks goes down.
Q11. Jack Hackers wants to break into Brown’s Computers and obtain their secret double fudge cookie recipe. Jack calls Jane, an accountant at Brown Co. pretending to be an administrator from Brown Co. Jack tell Jane that there has been a problem with some accounts and asks her to verify her password with him “just to double check our records”. Jane does not suspect anything amiss and parts her password. Jack can now access Brown Co.’s computer with a valid username and password to steal the cookie recipe. What kind of attack is being illustrated here?
A. Faking Identity
B. Spoofing Identity
C. Social Engineering
D. Reverse Psychology
E. Reverse Engineering
Answer: C
Explanation: Social engineering is a collection of techniques used to manipulate people into performing actions or divulging confidential information. While similar to a confidence trick or simple fraud, the term typically applies to trickery for information gathering or computer system access and in most cases the attacker never comes face-to-face with the victim.
Q12. John is using a special tool on his Linux platform that has a database containing signatures to be able to detect hundreds of vulnerabilities in UNIX, Windows, and commonly used web CGI/ASPX scripts. Moreover, the database detects DDoS zombies and Trojans as well. What would be the name of this tool?
A. hping2
B. nessus
C. nmap
D. make
Answer: B
Q13. This type of Port Scanning technique splits TCP header into several packets so that the packet filters are not able to detect what the packets intends to do.
A. UDP Scanning
B. IP Fragment Scanning
C. Inverse TCP flag scanning
D. ACK flag scanning
Answer: B
Q14. "Testing the network using the same methodologies and tools employed by attackers" Identify the correct terminology that defines the above statement.
A. Vulnerability Scanning
B. Penetration Testing
C. Security Policy Implementation
D. Designing Network Security
Answer: B
Q15. Jeremy is web security consultant for Information Securitas. Jeremy has just been hired to perform contract work for a large state agency in Michigan. Jeremy's first task is to scan all the company's external websites. Jeremy comes upon a login page which appears to allow employees access to sensitive areas on the website. James types in the following statement in the username field:
SELECT * from Users where username='admin' ?AND password='' AND email like '%@testers.com%'
What will the SQL statement accomplish?
A. If the page is susceptible to SQL injection, it will look in the Users table for usernames of admin
B. This statement will look for users with the name of admin, blank passwords, and email addresses that end in @testers.com
C. This Select SQL statement will log James in if there are any users with NULL passwords
D. James will be able to see if there are any default user accounts in the SQL database
Answer: A